![]() In Attic Greek, this changes to η everywhere except after ε, ι or ρ. The first declension or alpha declension is considered thematic, with long alpha ( ᾱ) at the end of the stem, though it is derived from original athematic Indo-European forms. For post-stem accent, it counts as part of the ending for pre-ending accent, it counts as part of the stem. ![]() The thematic vowel ( ο or ᾱ) counts as neither stem nor ending, but alternates between the two depending on which accent is considered. įor first- and second-declension nouns, Kiparsky's rule is more complex. Third-declension nouns have the accent on the stem in the strong cases, but the ending in the weak cases.īoth of these patterns can be summarized by a single rule suggested by Paul Kiparsky: pre-ending accent in the strong cases and post-stem accent in the weak cases. Specifically, the first- and second-declension nouns have acute (´) in the strong cases, but circumflex (ˆ) in the weak cases. "He died in the battle." Declension declension,įor first- and second-declension nouns accented on the ultima and third-declension nouns with a single-syllable stem, the strong cases (nominative and accusative) have one type of accent, and the weak cases (genitive and dative) have another. The dative is also frequently used after prepositions, such as ἐν ( en) "in":Įn têi mákhēi apéthanen. " In the third year they came to an agreement with the Athenians." ![]() When the dative corresponds to the Proto-Indo-European locative case (this is often the case when it is used with prepositions), it expresses location (sometimes figuratively) or time, and can often be translated by "in", "at", or "on": Éballé me líthois "He was hitting me with stones." When the dative corresponds to the Proto-Indo-European instrumental, it expresses the thing with which something is done, and can often be translated by the preposition "with": When it corresponds to the dative, it expresses the person or thing that is indirectly affected by an action, and can often be translated with the prepositions "to" or "for": The Ancient Greek dative corresponds to the Proto-Indo-European dative, instrumental, or locative. "He went away from the market-place." Dative It is also used after prepositions, especially those which mean "from":Īpêlthen ek tês agorâs. The Ancient Greek genitive can often be translated with the preposition "of" or the English possessive case: Pémpousin es Krḗtēn angélous "They send messengers to Crete." Genitive After prepositions it is often used for the destination of motion: The accusative is used for the object of a verb, and also after prepositions. It is frequently the same as the nominative in the singular and always the same in the plural.Īlēthê légeis, ô Sṓkrates "What you say is true, Socrates." Accusative The vocative is used for addressing people or things. "For Socrates was wise and just." Vocative The Ancient Greek nominative, like the Proto-Indo-European nominative, is used for the subject and for things describing the subject ( predicate nouns or adjectives): The five cases of Ancient Greek each have different functions. The set of forms that a noun will take for each case and number is determined by the declension that it follows. According to their function in a sentence, their form changes to one of the five cases ( nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, or dative). In Ancient Greek, all nouns are classified according to grammatical gender (masculine, feminine, neuter) and are used in a number (singular, dual, or plural).
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